People have been involved with archery for a minimum of four thousand years, but very nearly certainly for a lot longer than that. Sections of composite recurve bows have been found dating back to the second millennium BC, but the parts that were found were the non-wooden, composite parts, usually of horn.

The wooden sections ordinarily rotted away thousands of years before, but a wooden longbow from the same era was discovered in Somerset. Presumably, people had been using all wooden, single section bows long before they started constructing complex composite recurve bows.

The skill of archery has always enthralled mankind and, in spite of the fact that guns have made archery obsolete, it still fascinates people today, although nowadays archery is practically exclusively used for sporting purposes. It is a thriving sport and hobby and is the national sport of the Kingdom of Bhutan.

If you are interested in taking up archery, you will first have to decide which type of bow you prefer. Among other types, there are the longbow, recurve bow, reflex and decurve bows, deflex bow, pyramid bow and crossbow.

To a certain degree, the arrows are not interchangeable either. For example, a longbow can cast a three foot, heavy-gauge arrow, whereas a crossbow shoots a six inch bolt. The bows also had different uses although there was a certain degree of common ground.

For example, longbows were the heavy, rapid-firing armaments of their day, being able to fling a heavy, armour-piercing arrow hundreds of yards; whereas a short recurve bow was ideal for assault from horseback. Crossbows took less ability to use but were slower than a bow.

There are diverse kinds of arrow too. Historically, arrows were made of wood with a sharp metal tip, but these days arrows can be made of aluminium or carbon fibre. The arrowheads are different for different applications as well. A simple brass tip is sufficient for everyday shooting whereas a ferocious, slashing broadhead is used for killing.

The majority of people who take archery seriously use carbon fibre arrows these days which is the typical arrow shaft in use at the Olympic games. The flights are usually of bird feathers and are used to stabilize the arrow in flight to minimize wobble. Plastic flights are also to be had as they are less prone to damage.

The Welsh (and English) longbow was perhaps the most powerful hand bow widely used. These longbows were typically six feet or more in length and made of one section of seasoned yew (or other woods). The draw weight of a Welsh longbow at the time of Henry VIII was between 160 -180 lbf and that would shoot a heavy three ounce arrow up to about 280 yards.

An explanation of the damage that one of these arrows could inflict was given by Gerald of Wales in the 12th century:

“… in the war against the Welsh, one of the men of arms was struck by an arrow shot at him by a Welshman. It went right through his thigh, high up, where it was protected inside and outside the leg by his iron cuirasses, and then through the skirt of his leather tunic; next it penetrated that part of the saddle which is called the alva or seat; and finally it lodged in his horse, driving so deep that it killed the animal”.

It took years of practice to draw and shoot one of these longbows bows accurately.

Owen Jones, the writer of this piece writes on several subjects, but is currently involved with archery recurve bows. If you would like to know more or for special offers, please go to our website at Kids Archery Set.

Maps are essentially defective. By the time the surveyors have finished and the data that they have collected has been mapped out and the printers have published the map and sent it to the distributors and they have sold it to the shops and you have made up your mind to buy one, it is out of date. Sometimes years out of date

Another difficulty is that it is impossible to read a map and drive carefully at the same time. You cannot read a map and look out of the windshield at the same time. So, you either need a co-pilot who can read a map, or you have to stop repeatedly and memorize a small part of the map. That is all right, people did it that way for a hundred years or more, but now there is a better way.

GPS satellite navigation systems have been around for a long time. At first they were only utilized by aircraft and ocean liners. As the price fell, yachting people could afford them; later still long distance lorries had them, then very expensive cars and now practically all cars.

In spite of the odd story of someone driving into a river in the dark, because the driver trusted the sat nav and the sat nav did not know that the bridge had been removed, the auto navigation system has been a resounding success.

I am certain that family Sunday outings are far more pleasurable now that the spouse does not have to do the map-reading; lone travellers do not have to stop to get their bearings and lone female drivers are more secure because they do not have to stop to ask their way.

Being lost at night or having broken down in the countryside or even taking a wrong turn into a rough area of town is frightening. Even if you have your cell phone to call the breakdown service, you have to know where you are and if you are in a rough area of town by mistake, you do not want to stop to ask the way and you definitely do not want to go farther off the beaten track.

Then there are the detours that we want or have to make because of natural catastrophes, break-downs, traffic jams and roadworks teams. Sometimes you will get advanced warning on the local radio of trouble spots up ahead, but if you do not know the neighbourhood, there is not much you can do about it. Unless you have an auto navigation system.

I know many people who do not use their auto navigation system every time they get into their car and that is how it should be for those people, but it is like insurance, it is nice to have it when you need it.

No-one has to have an auto navigation system to go to the local supermarket, but it is very nice to take the scenic route the next time you go out of town to visit a relation. Perhaps you always take the same route when you visit your Aunty Lil, but with an auto navigation system you can vary your journey to pass local sights.

Owen Jones, the writer of this article writes on a variety of topics, but is currently involved with the fleet management tracking system. If you would like to know more, please go to our website at Laser Temperature Gun.

All RFID tags are used to store and ultimately remit data. They can best be thought of as the replacement for the bar code. However, they have significant advantages over bar codes. For example: RFID tags can store much more information than bar codes; they can be read from further away and they can in point of fact send information, not only store information.

There are three varieties of RFID tags: passive, active and hybrid. Passive RFID tags are the least expensive, because they are less complex. They need to be induced to disclose their data by taking power from an RFID reader. When the reader’s radio waves hit them, they reflect back their data. This is the kind of tag used in goods in a retail outlet or on crates in a warehouse.

On the other hand, active RFID tags have a battery, a transmitter and an aerial so that they are always transmitting. These devices are obviously a lot more expensive and so are used only on more expensive items such as a container, a battle tank, an aircraft, on criminals ankle bands or on an animal of an endangered species.

The hybrid RFID tag is capable of sending, but it has to be told to transmit; it has to be switched on by a signal. This signal could be a satellite passing over head. These hybrid RFID tags are also expensive, but the battery lasts longer because they are not ‘always on’. These tags have the same uses as the active tags, but are suitable for use where it is not critical to know where something is every minute of the day: for example cattle in a field or goats on a mountain.

Passive tags can be attached permanently by sewing them into hems or putting them under skin because they do not have their own electricity source and do not wear out. This is a cause of anxiety to some people who worry about an invasion of their privacy or the erosion of their human rights.

Active and hybrid tags are most often clearly visible so that the batteries can be changed as and when necessary. If this is going to be not likely to take place, as in the case of wild animals, the tag can have a biodegradable fastener which will break sometime after the expected expiry of the battery.

Some uses for RFID tags are on season tickets so that the owner can pass through the style more quickly than a customer paying by cash. It has applications in security; most of the ID badges you see pinned to shirts have RFID built into them so that security guards do not have to stop and query everybody.

They can be put into trucks that regularly cross borders so that they do not need to stop for identification. They can be placed in windscreens so that as you pass through a motorway toll station, either your credit card is billed or the charge is added to your company’s monthly statement.

Hospitals utilize them on patients so that they do not misplace anyone or misidentify them. RFID tags are useful in our daily lives but people are concerned about criminals being able to read all this information too easily as well.

Owen Jones, the author of this article writes on quite a few topics, but is currently concerned with the RFID asset tracking. If you would like to know more, please go to our website at Active RFID Management.